一．幾個基本概念
1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。
3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之后。
4.引導詞：引導定語從句的詞(包括關系代詞和關系副詞)。
﹙1﹚關系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚關系副詞：when/where/why
5.引導詞的位置：位于定語從句之前(先行詞之后)。【as除外】
6.引導詞的功能(作用)：
﹙1﹚連接先行詞和定語從句。
﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當一定的成分(關系代詞充當主語或賓語，關系副詞充當狀語)。
7.定語從句的類型：
﹙1﹚限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間無逗號)。
① 直接由引導詞引導定語從句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
② 由介詞+關系代詞(whom/which)引導
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
介詞的選用可根據從句中的相關詞組確定，該介詞通常可以放在關系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開)。
① 直接由引導詞引導定語從句。
② 由介詞+關系代詞(whom/which)引導。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
③ 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數詞、分數或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引導非限定性定語從句外，其余引導詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位工程師被很快送往醫院，其腿部受了重傷)
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫院)
3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導詞都不能省略(包括引導詞在此定語從句中充當賓語在內)。指人做主語時只能用who, 做賓語時用whom;
指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關系副詞用when或where,也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose引導非限定性定語從句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
=The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二。定語從句中關系代詞和關系副詞的基本用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。
Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語(動賓或介賓)。
① 當作動賓(動詞后接賓語)時，關系代詞可省略。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
② 當作介賓(介詞后接賓語)時：
介詞不提前時，關系代詞可省略;
介詞提前時，關系代詞不可省，即介詞+whom(指人時介詞后的關系代詞只能用whom)。
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注：固定的動詞短語(動詞+介詞)如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導詞前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當主語、賓語(動賓或介賓)即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. (主語)
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (動賓)
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (介賓)
4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語(動賓或介賓)。
① 當作動賓時，關系代詞可省略。
② 當作介賓時：
介詞不提前時，關系代詞可省略;
介詞提前時，關系代詞不可省，即介詞+which(指物時介詞后的關系代詞只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注：介詞+關系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)。
※5.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，賓語，表語或狀語，不能省略。主要用于 “the same …as…;such …as…;so …as…;as … as…;as follows”固定結構中，形式固定此時的引導限定性定語從句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引導定語從句：
Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.
Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.
My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.
※注：which和as可引導非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內容，有時可以互換。因此，當as/which指代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分內容作定語從句的主語時，謂語用單數。
Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
He married her, as/which was natural.
區別：
①as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾;而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句后面。
He married her, as/which was natural.
=As was natural, he married her.
Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.
=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.
②as引導的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則無此意。常用句型有：
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
③主句和從句有因果關系時，用which.
Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy.
Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.
④從句含否定意義時常用which.
She didn’t pass the exam, which we couldn’t expect.
She didn’t pass the exam, as we expected.
6.when關系副詞：指時間。在定語從句中作時間狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換(此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞)。
I still remember the time when I joined the League.
=I still remember the time on which I joined the League.
=I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.
7.where關系副詞：指地點。在定語從句中作地點狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換(此時先行詞一定是表地點的名詞)。
I still remember the school where I joined the League.
=I still remember the school in which I joined the League.
=I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.
※注：對關系副詞when, where的認識。
①. 先行詞是時間的名詞，并非都用關系副詞when引導定語從句。
I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing.
②. 先行詞是地點的名詞，并非都用關系副詞where引導定語從句。
This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.
③. 當句型為It/This/That is(was) the first(second…last) time引起的句子時用that連接其后的句子。此時的time是次數，不是時間。
It/This is the first time that we travel.
It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
8. why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，先行詞通常為reason,不能省略。且why引導的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。Why= for which
I don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.
The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.
※注：當先行詞為reason時，關系副詞并非都用why.
This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.
【判斷用關系代詞還是關系副詞】
從句缺少的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關系代詞還是關系副詞的關鍵。試比較：
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.
( spent是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關系代詞或省略 )
I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.
( 從句主謂賓結構完整，缺狀語，因此用關系副詞或介詞加關系代詞 )
The reason (that/which)he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn’t believable.
( gave是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關系代詞或省略 )
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable.
( 從句主謂賓結構完整，缺狀語，因此用關系副詞或介詞加關系代詞 )
三。 值得注意的幾個問題：
第一。 當先行詞是物時，關系代詞(that/which)只用that的情況。
1.當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時。
This is the best film that has been shown this year.
This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.
※He is the first student that/who came to school today.
2.當先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時。
He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.
3.當先行詞本身是all的，用that.(all that=what)
All that (what) I want to say to you is "Thank you".
=All (what) I want to say to you is "Thank you".
Go over all that (what) we learned.
=Go over all (what) we learned.(that在定語從句中充當賓語可以省略)
4.先行詞為something, anything, nothing, everything, thing時，用that.
I’ll tell you anything (that) I know.
5.當先行詞前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修飾語時。
This is one of the books (that) I’m very interesting in.
※ This is one of the books in which I’m very interesting.
This is the only book (that) I read.
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.
6.(人，物)，當先行詞在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引導以避免混淆。
Who is the man that is talking with the lady?
Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?
7.當先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用that.
He likes the girl that she used to be.
第二。 當先行詞是物時，關系代詞(that/which)只用which的情況。
1.作介賓且介詞置于引導詞之前時。
The room in which he lives is very large.
2.引導非限定性定語從句時(主，賓都用which,都不能省略).
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.
3.which指整個句子的內容或部分內容，引導非限定性定語從句。
He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.
第三。其他特殊情況。
1.先行詞是these, those指人時，關系代詞只用who.
Those who are playing over there are my students.
2.先行詞是人稱代詞(he, she…)時，關系代詞只用who.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
3.不定代詞someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行詞時，關系代詞用who.
Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.
4.①先行詞是the only one of +可數名詞復數，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用單數形式(因為此時的先行詞是the only one,而不是of 后的可數名詞復數).
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.
②先行詞是one of +可數名詞復數，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用復數形式(因為此時的先行詞是of 后的可數名詞復數，而不是one).
This is one of the students who are late.
5.當主句缺先行詞時，用the one 代替，但須注意：the one只能代替可數名詞單數。如為不可數名詞時，指什么用什么。
Is this school the one I visited yesterday?
Is pop music the music he likes best?
6. 當先行詞是the way,在定語從句中充當方式狀語時(the way表"以…方式/方法")，引導詞通常用that或省略，也可用in which.
I don’t like the way (that) you speak.
=I don’t like the way in which you speak.
=I don’t like the way (which/that) you speak in.
【“介詞+關系代詞”十種情況】
在定語從句中，介詞+關系代詞結構是一種較為復雜的問題。現就幾種常見的介詞+關系代詞的結構淺析如下：
1.介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語，代替相應的關系副詞when, where和why.如：I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to school.我仍然記得初來學校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個大工廠。
This is the reason for which (=why) he was late.這就是他為什么遲到的原因。
2.介詞+which(指物)/ whom(指人)在定語從句中作地點狀語，表示存在關系，定語從句主謂一般要倒置。
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他來到一處農舍，前邊坐著一個小男孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見一個人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。
3.介詞+ which(指物)/ whom(指人)在定語從句中作目的、方式或地點狀語。這種結構中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。如：
Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎？
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那里得到這消息的。
4.介詞+which/whom,用于被動結構的定語從句中，作狀語，說明動作的出發者。如：
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是個好獵手。
5.不定代詞+of+which/whom,在定語從句中作主語，說明整體中的部分，常用的不定代詞有：both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。如：
There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.這兒有許多書，可一本也不屬于我。
Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天瑪麗買了一些衣服，他們都很貴。
6.數詞+of+which/whom,在定語從句中作主語，說明整體與部分的關系。數詞可以是基數詞、序數詞、分數或百分數。如：
In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有54名學生，25人是女生。
Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.兩只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。
7.名詞+of+which代替whose+名詞，在定語從句中作定語。如：
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.我看見一些樹，他們的葉子因害病而發黑。
I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。
8.介詞+ which(指物)/ whose(指人)修飾后邊的名詞。如：
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機就是那個人，她從他的房間偷走地圖。
9.形容詞最高級+of+which/whom結構，在定語從句中，作定語，表部分關系。如：
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有成千上萬個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣島。
In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我們班有20名女生，最聰明的是李華。
10.介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見于正式文體中，相當于一個定語從句。如：
At last he had something about which to write home.他終于有了給家里寫信的內容了。
He had no key with which to open the door.他沒有開門的鑰匙。
He has a small room in which to live.
【運用定語從句時應注意的幾個問題】
1. 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞應和先行詞的人稱和數保持一致。
This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.這是馬克吐溫所寫的書中的一本。(先行詞是books,因此動詞應用were.)
2. 關系代詞或關系副詞在從句中充當一個句子成分，因此要注意避免從句中句子成分的重復出現。
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 這是我參觀過的最美的地方。(去掉it,因that代替先行詞the most beautiful place在定語從句中作visit的賓語，再加it就多余了。)
The school where I worked there is a big one.
The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作過的學校是一所大學校。(去掉there,因where既引導定語從句，又在從句中代替in the school作狀語。)
3. 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時不可省略。
The books were on the table were given to you.
The books that were on the table were given to you.桌上的那些書是給你的。(關系代詞that作主語不能省)
4. “one of the +復數名詞”后的定語從句中謂語動詞的單復數情況。
“one of the +復數名詞”時，復數名詞是先行詞，所以謂語動詞常用復數形式。如果“one of the +復數名詞”前面有the very /only等修飾語，則謂語動詞用單數形式，因為先行詞是，而不是復數名詞。如：
He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我們班唯一說日語的學生。(the only one是先行詞)
He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我們班里說日語的學生之一。(students是先行詞)
5. 定語從句中who和whom的選用。
關系代詞who/whom引導定語從句時，作主語用主格who,作賓語用賓格whom.在其引導的定語從句帶有插入語，而又不用逗號分開時，要用who.
Mary is a girl who I think is clever.
在定語從句who I think is clever中， I think是插入語，去掉后Mary is a girl who is clever是一個完整的句子，who是定語從句的主語，不能用whom替換。但下面的句子，情況就不同了：
Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定語從句whom I think to be clever中，如把I think看作插入語而去掉，則剩下的部分Mary is a girl whom to be clever很明顯不是一個完整的句子結構，所以I think不能被看作是插入語，而是定語從句在的主謂結構，whom作think的賓語，to be clever是whom的賓補。
6. 定語從句中關系代詞或關系副詞的選擇取決于它們在從句中所充當的句子成分。如作主語和賓語用關系代詞;作狀語，用關系副詞。
I’ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself.(when在從句中代替時間狀語on the day,此句可分解為I’ll never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day.)
I’ll never forget the days that we spent together.(that代替the days,在從句中作spent的賓語，該句可分解為I’ll never forget the days. We spent the days together.)
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